于谦北京保卫战经过-于谦一介书生如何指挥北京保卫战?

来源:名资汇网 作者:caiji007 2023-08-01 05:35:00
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明正统十四年,公元1449年,是自大明建立以来遭受最严重考验的一年。这里成了明朝中央军的坟墓,“三大营”全军覆没,无数文武百官丧生,连明英宗都被俘。

首次利用英宗被俘后,瓦剌首领还骗开了边关城门,直逼北京,形势到了危急关头,稍有不慎,大明江山将化为灰烬。从古代的乱世出英雄,这次的主角是于谦,要看他是如何化解危机的。

明朝土堡之变中,精锐的军力和中央机构几乎被摧毁,群龙无首,人心惶惶,丧失了全部的政治和军事优势,许多大臣主张南迁,唯独于谦等几个人反对,力排众议,最后还是守住了北京城。

于谦是个文官,在此之前没有带兵打仗,为何坚信可以守住北京城?还是盲目自信,头脑发热,靠一腔热血?

因此,于谦有条件赢[文]得这场保卫战,并延[章]续大明的命脉吗?


政治性

也先最大的优势也在于他抓住了英宗,你打我,就是打你的主子,大逆不道,说白了,就是拿英宗当挡箭牌,给自己开路。其实,这个王牌也起到了一定的作用,守关者面对这样的情况,会缩手缩脚,投掷鼠忌器,也会被首先攻占许多城池。

于谦抓住了也先想利用被俘英宗作为政治筹码的弱点,提出了“社稷为重,君臣为轻”的口号,经皇太后同意,又立朱祁钰为新君,即明代宗,遥遵明英宗为太上皇,十分巧妙地化解了政治上的不利因素,使也先手中的明英宗这张王牌也成了摆设,也先算计得一清二楚,没有办法,只能与明军硬碰硬了。

军事是政治的延续,没有任何政治基础的军事行动往往无功而返,北京作为政治中心,有着深厚的政治基础,公众认同度较高,明朝皇帝的庙宇,众多的机构都设在北京,南下就等于放弃了北方的半壁江山,失去了长城的战略屏障和幽云十六州的战略要冲,南方无险可守,难以长久。

最早朱棣迁都的原因之一,是北京靠近长城,政府可以迅速调集军队,抵抗侵略,控制长城,否则,两宋时期,平地一片,无险可守,不是将士们没有生命,实在是巧妇难为无米之炊。

若无金刚钻做不了瓷器活儿,以步兵为主的中原军在平原上根本挡不住骑兵,最后就成了板上鱼肉,任人宰割。

军队方面

朱祁镇的“英明”领导人和王振的“机智”秘书,虽然败光了明朝的精锐部队,但明朝的统治根基仍在,瘦死的骆驼比马还大,明朝也有大量的二流兵,虽然战斗力差,但人数多,三个臭皮匠抵得上一个诸葛亮,数量可以在一定程度上抵消质量上的差距,另外,明朝的动员能力很强,于谦在短时间内就组织了22万人的军队。

外勤勤王部队也向北[来]京进发,也是先长驱[自]而入,没有达到周围[历]的战略要地,宣府、[史]大同仍在明军手中,[大]也要先打胜仗,才能[全]快快地和北京的明军[网]决战,否则容易腹背[文]受敌,弄不好竹篮打[章]水一场空,全军覆没[来]

明王朝也有武器优势,火器能很好地进行远距离打击,抑制骑兵的进攻。而且,先头部队都是骑兵,骑兵不善于攻城,可以说,后金与大明之间的宁锦之战,努尔哈赤的骑兵是多么的精良,可在明王朝精良的武器和坚固的城墙面前,连努尔哈赤同志本人也没有击倒。

区位优势

在北京,城防工程首屈一指,四周护城河环绕,易守难攻。后来的历史也证明,北京的防守极其出色。李自成攻下北京后,靠人从里到外打开它的城门。清军攻占北京后,李自成放弃了。八国联军攻打北京后,慈禧主动放弃。从明朝开始,北京真的经历了战争,被攻陷了。三朝古都的城防工程一直没有风起云涌。

人才与优势

北部游牧民族被称为蛮夷,意为未开化的民族,其特征是野蛮、残暴。因此,面对外来入侵,北京城的民众空前团结,于谦在短时间内修筑了大量的防御工事,这也就不足为奇了。

根据记载,一个月内[自]北京城四周四十五里[历]的城墙已被加固,京[史]城的崇文、正阳、宣[大]武、东直、朝阳、西[全]直、阜成、德胜、安[网]定等四十五里的城墙[文]也已被加固,尤其是[章]北城的德胜门、安定[来]门、西直门、阜成门[自]等也已由土建工程改[历]为砖石结构,并在城[史]北筑起了城壕,强化[大]了城防。

与此同时,命令工部人员在城东关、城西关和城南关各设一道护城河,共设11000多个护城河,护城河长5100米,进一步加强北京城池的防御能力。当他们修筑防御工事的时候,又把通州几百万石粮食运到北京,解决了粮食问题,人多力量大永远是一个真理。

看得出,于谦的固守[全]北京不是强调他的“[网]另类”,而是有一种[文]对形势的认真分析,[章]抓住了问题的关键,[来]也是一种先失败后理[自]智的做法。

北京保卫战的胜利,避免了两宋时期再度出现的战略被动局面,保住了大明半壁江山,于谦也成为民族英雄,他与岳飞、张煌言等人组成的“西湖三杰”,他对西湖的坚持,避免了历史的重写。


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