初三政治知识点总结_初三政治选择题

来源:名资汇网 作者:caiji007 2023-06-18 07:05:02
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  中考政治由两个部分组成,选择题和主观题。对于中考孩子来说,选择题的分要尽量拿到手,中考政治选择题有哪些做题技巧呢?小编在这里为大家整理了初三政治选择题技巧,快来学习学习吧!

  中考政治选择题题答题技巧

  ①排谬法。即运用已学知识,判断题肢的正误性,从而加以排除的方法。这种方法常用于题干要求是正向的,且题肢构成一个完整独立的句子的题目之中。

  ②对比法。即通过对相近题肢进行对比,或者把已知的知识与题肢中出现的未知的知识进行对比,从而确定选项方法。

  ③实证法。即把未知正确与否的题肢与客观实际相对照。从而确定是否排除。题肢中的结论不可能全部来自于课本,有的是对客观现象的总结概括或者是对社会上一些观点的概括。因此就可以运用实证法来确定。

  ④联系法。即把题干与题肢相连从而确定选项的方法,它是解决选择题的最后一个环在选择题中,经常在题肢中单独地看是正确的,但有的与题干有直接联系,有的有间接联系,甚至没有联系。因此必须把题干与题肢联系起来,排除没有直接联系或者没有联系的。

  选择题做题三注意

  1.坚持一个原则:先审题干,后审题肢、肢干相连、以干求肢。它是解答选择题时必须遵循的基本原则。

  2.必须做到四审

  ①审题干:把握题干关键词(时间、方位、主要、核心、根本等),明确题目主旨意思;

  ②审设问:正向或逆向选择;

  ③审题肢:正确或错误;

  ④审题干与题肢的关系。

  3.善用排除法和对照法

  (1)排除法:在不能确定正确选项或对考查的知识模糊不清的情况下,可以用此法逐一排除不正确的,缩小选择范围,从而确定正确选项。

  ①排谬法(排错法):找出本身错误或部分错误的题肢,然后排除含有该题肢的选项;

  ②排异法:找出虽正确,但与题干的不统一的题肢,然后排除含有该题肢的选项;

  ③排重法:与题干意思相同,重复的题肢;

  ④排倒法:因果关系颠倒的题肢。

  ⑤排乱法:题肢的共性或个性,与题干共性或个性不符的题肢。

  (2)对照法:即将正确选项与材料的规定性、设问的规定性相对照,判断是否符合材料和设问要求,以此来检验选项是否正确。两种方法有机结合使用,就能做好选择题。

  选择题解题方法

  (一)组合式

  组合式选择题可以采用排除法解答,运用此方法解答应依据自己最熟悉的知识选择来判断,下面介绍一下具体的组合式选择题的解题方法:

  (1)首先找出你认为错误的题肢,然后将含有该题肢的备选答案排除。

  (2)找出你认为正确的题肢,将不含有该题肢的备选答案排除,缩小备选答案的范围。

  (3)几个备选答案若有一个或几个相同的题肢,则就不必再去刻意审析它(它们),只把这几个答案中的相异题肢分辨清楚即可。

  例:下列哪一组属于公民的政治权利?(  )

  ①游行集会 ②隐私权 ③公平交易权 ④受教育权 ⑤肖像权 ⑥言论自由 ⑦选举权 ⑧人格尊严权⑨批评建议权 ⑩人身自由

  A.③⑥⑧⑩B.③⑤⑦⑩

  C.①⑥⑦⑨D.②④⑧⑨

  解析:②、⑤、⑧属于人格尊严权、③属于消费者权、④属于经济文化权、⑩属于人身权利,以上权利与政治权利无关,排除含有②③④⑤⑧⑩的选项,故选C。

  答案:C

  (二)直选式

  解答直选式选择题的方法主要采用排除法。即在审清题意的基础上,对选项所表述的观点作出初步判断,排除观点错误的选项。然后分析题干与选项之间的关系,淘汰无关的选项。对于时政,教材基础知识的考查,直接依靠识记能力;名言警句、情景判断需要对题干进行准确分析,才能得出答案。

  例:2016年1月,中国政府发起了我向总理说句话互动。截至3月1日,共收集6万条留言。政府工作报告起草组对经筛选整理出的意见逐条研究,最大限度地吸纳到政府工作报告中。这说明(  )

  A.我国尊重和保障公民的建议权

  B.我国公民有权直接管理国家事务

  C.建议权是公民最基本的政治权利

  D.公民只能通过络行使政治权利

  解析:中国政府发起了我向总理说句话互动,群众建议最大限度地吸纳到政府工作报告中。这说明我国尊重和保障公民的建议权,A符合题意;我国公民有权间接管理国家事务,B的说法是错误的;选举权与被选举权是公民最基本的政治权利,C的说法是错误的;只能太绝对,D的说法是错误的。

  答案:A

  (三)逆向式

  此类题目的题干设问常为下列理解错误的有或下列说法不正确的是。逆向选择题有两种,一种是题干无情景,直接选择错误选项,一种是判断对题干情景理解错误的选项,根据所学知识直接判断即可。第一,淘汰正确的选项,正确的选项一般都是与题目材料或者题干相吻合的选项;第二,排除无关选项。

  例:络大V地产商人任志强经常在微博上发表不当言论,在社会上造成恶劣影响,其微博账号被国家互联信息办公室关闭。对此认识错误的是(  )

  A.任志强的言论自由遭到了侵害

  B.权利和义务是相互依存、密不可分的

  C.公民行使权利不得超越法律允许的范围

  D.公民行使权利不得损害国家、社会、集体的利益

  解析:由题干得知,任志强在行使自己的言论自由权利时,没有遵守法律的规定,超出了法律允许的范围,依法关闭其微博账号是合法的、正确的行为,A的说法是错误的,B、C、D的说法正确。

  答案:A

  (四)辨题肢

  即通过阅读题肢弄懂每个题肢的含义、内容、正误、角度以及题肢间的联系,以便为正确取舍题肢打下基础。

  例:如图漫画《援手》(  )

  ①符合以人为本的科学发展观 ②说明我国坚持按劳分配制度 ③表明扶贫的目的是同步进入小康社会 ④表明人民群众共享改革发展的成果。

  A.①④B.②④C.②③D.③④

  解析:漫画表明,扶贫是实现共同富裕的措施,符合以人为本的科学发展观,让人民群众共享改革发展的成果,①④的说法正确;②的观点本身正确,但题目未体现;③的观点错误,共同富裕不是同步富裕。

  答案:A

  (五)材料归纳式

  材料式选择题主要涉及学生生活情境,社会热点时政,图片或材料结合的形式,解答此类选择题首先需要认真审读题干材料,通过抓关键词句明确材料主要内容,然后根据教材所学知识,把材料中没有体现的选项或题肢予以排除,最后将题干和所选答案连起来通读一遍,看前后意思表达是否一致。

  例:2016年3月16日,在全国人大表决通过国务院政府工作报告后,来自香港的人大代表在接受记者采访时表示:十二五期间,在中央的支持下,香港各方面发展显著;十三五期间香港将继续发挥一国两制的独特优势,结合香港自身条件,取得更大的发展。对此,下列理解正确的是(  )

  ①全国人民代表大会是人民行使当家作主权力的机关

  ②香港的发展证明一国两制基本方针是完全正确的 ③香港的繁荣、稳定和发展充分证明了社会主义制度的优越性 ④材料中表决通过政府工作报告表明全国人民代表大会地位最高、权利最大

  A.①②③B.①②④

  C.①③④D.②③④

  解析:题干的核心在于说明全国人民代表大会是国家最高权力机构,十三五期间香港将继续发挥一国两制的独特优势,结合香港自身条件,取得更大的发展。香港的发展证明一国两制基本方针是完全正确的;③的说法错误,因为香港实行的是资本主义制度。

  答案:B

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